Data shows that ambulance crashes are simply more likely at intersections. More generally, about a quarter of traffic fatalities and half of traffic injuries each year take place at intersections. This prevalence is only underlined in emergency vehicle operation. In fact, 43% of all ambulance accidents occur at intersections, and 60% of crashes occur when there is a stop sign or a stoplight. These accidents are dangerous in an industry that holds high crash fatality numbers. Fatality numbers for emergency vehicle operators are 2.5-4.8 times higher than the national average for other occupations. In this article, we’ll explore reasons intersections are so dangerous for emergency drivers, and share some potential solutions.
When we understand why accidents happen more at intersections than anywhere else on the road, reform is possible. A variety of factors influence the prevalence of ambulance crashes at intersections:
This is by far the #1 cause of ambulance crashes at intersections. To pass a red light, it’s vital for emergency vehicle operators to come to a complete stop first. This allows the driver to show due regard for the safety of others. When ambulance operators come to a complete stop and check each oncoming lane before proceeding, they’re also safeguarding against distracted drivers. Coming to a complete stop before proceeding is the first and most important step in intersection safety.
After coming to a complete stop, ambulances must proceed slowly and carefully through the intersection. A 2023 study showed that 14% of ambulance collisions at intersections are rollovers. This implies that the ambulance’s immense weight was also going at an unsafe speed. Emergency vehicles also cannot stop as quickly as other vehicles. Moving slowly through intersections can prevent crashes and rollovers. Slower driving also allows other drivers to perceive the ambulance who may have previously been distracted or unaware. When ambulance operators don’t slow down sufficiently or ensure that the intersection is clear before entering, they can be held legally responsible for the consequences. Moving slowly for a relatively small section of road is much safer than speeding through and potentially not reaching your destination at all.
Most collisions actually occur when using lights and sirens. With lights and sirens on, ambulance operators have the right of way, but this doesn’t make them indestructible. Siren sounds often bounce off buildings, making it unclear to drivers where the ambulance is coming from. Ambulance lights are often obstructed by other vehicles and buildings. Compounding this issue, sirens often cannot be heard until the last minute if drivers have music on in their car or headphones in. Other drivers may not perceive lights and sirens until the ambulance is already in the intersection, leaving inadequate time to react if an ambulance is moving quickly. As the ambulance operator moves forward, drivers may not understand that an emergency vehicle is approaching until it’s too late, and often fail to yield to the ambulance. This results in vehicles striking oncoming ambulances from the side, or a t-bone collision. Ambulances are often not sufficiently visible to drivers when moving quickly.
In 2022, the NHTSA reported that 3,308 people died in distracted driving related crashes. Many of these accidents took place at intersections. At intersections, drivers generally assume that others will follow traffic signals. When emergency vehicle operators run a red light, they’re breaking that assumption. This means distracted drivers will fail to yield, lacking the necessary attention or processing time to react. Behind the wheel, ambulance operators may also be distracted by secondary tasks in the cabin, stress, communications, or time pressure. These factors mean that emergency vehicle operators need safeguards against distracted driving, inside and outside of their vehicle. When drivers operate with due regard, placing their full attention on others on the road, they can prevent accidents.
So, what can we do to prevent these accidents? Here are some tips for proceeding through an intersection safely:
If you approach a red light while running lights and sirens, make sure to come to a complete stop before proceeding through the intersection. This ensures you’re giving other drivers ample time and space to see you enter the intersection against the light and react appropriately.
As you scan the intersection, take note of any drivers who may not be paying attention or may not be noticing your presence. Maintain situational awareness and assume some drivers will be distracted or confused. Give other motorists enough time to see you and come to a safe stop before you proceed.
Snap decisions can be dangerous. Vehicle operators may be exhausted from long hours or affected by the emotional intensity of the job, both of which can lead to rash decision-making. Remember: the most important thing is that you arrive alive — this is not your emergency.
Proceed slowly and with caution through intersections. The size, weight, and handling characteristics of an EMS vehicle mean it may struggle to stop quickly, especially if another vehicle enters the intersection or activates its braking system unexpectedly.
While drivers may assume that their profession implies a certain level of security behind the wheel, it’s estimated that 33% of drivers involved in traffic collisions are professional drivers. The NHTSA’s crash data found that from 2012 to 2018, 92.6% of crashes involved ambulance operator error. Through thorough training and research, we can understand how these operator errors happen, and what other factors make these intersection accidents so common. Drivers less than 35 years old with lower experience levels are more likely to be involved in collisions. This implies further importance of experience and coaching.
If you’re new to emergency vehicle operation, it’s important to take a course that covers real traffic situations to ensure that you can navigate these situations safely. Working in emergency response can be stressful and high-pressure, but you can ensure that your team arrives safely. Mitigate distractions, watch your speed, stay aware of your surroundings, and protect everyone with thorough training.
Drive safely: stop, check, and proceed with caution at intersections!
